Kohistani History Essay

To reach Thull, a Kohistani community that is found in the mountains near the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan, you have to make a hazarding trip on an endless dirt road that is unattainable in bad weather. The Kohistani are inherently a violent people who strongly believe in vengeance and had most of their fighting take place between descent groups. For the most part conflict was handled by local leaders, and there was usually no fatal accident due to a lack of fatal weapons. The lack of guns was due to the lack of roads that limited economic development, which limited the amount of money a person could amass. However, when Pakistan took charge in 1965, a number of social and economic developments took place. The roads that were installed made it possible for Thull to be linked to other parts of Pakistan. Included with the overwhelming amount of changes that followed, Kohistani violence evolved due to the outside impression that all started because of the roads. By the way that Kohistani violence and other facets of their culture changed when the roads were introduced, it shows how interconnected everything is. The introduction of the road demonstrated how culture is integrated by the way it altered subsistence strategies, increased violence, and brought innovative ideas to religion. Before the road, subsistence in Thull solely depended on alpine herding and agriculture. Since importing fertilizer was now possible, Thull shifted its system to one weighing in the cultivation of potatoes, a cash crop that brought about several changes. The amount of men who participated in herding drastically decreased after the road was built due to the fact that herding was no longer the main source of income. With less land being used for herding, farmers were able to convert the property into more profitable potato fields. With the diminishing activity in herding, crosscutting ties became weakened as well. Even though the system for apportioning pastures r emained the same, preserving a positive relationship with herding units became unimportant since nobody was herding anymore. With crosscutting ties losing their effectiveness in sustaining peaceful relations, death enmity started to thrive. With the emerge of roads, the subsistence strategy of the Kohistani people changed, and with that incorporated more violence into their culture as well. This is a good example demonstrating how culture is integrated by the way that a street can alter other aspects of the Kohistani culture like its subsistence strategy, which in turn affects violence in the  Thull. In addition, not only did the emergence of roads bring a change to subsistence practices in Kohistani culture, but also brought a change to the economic system as well. This change was based on cultivating potatoes as a cash crop tied with an amplified quantity of fields that brought a significant influx of money into the community. Additionally, money in the community continued to build even more with the extensive timber exploitation that was occurring, which was the foremost motive of the Pakistan governm ent to build the road. With timber contractors hiring local Kohistani people as wage laborers, also brought about paid royalties on the timber, which brought even more cash to the community. This all seems like it benefits the Kohistani community in a positive way, but that isn’t the case. The deforestation that takes place is harming their environment greatly and affecting the fertile land around it, and with an increase in wealth, members of the community can purchase firearms. Prior to the construction of the road, conflict usually never ended in fatalities due to insufficient weaponry, but with everyone being able to buy rifles now that trend wasn’t likely to continue. Buying guns was almost too easy now and men acting on their honor and justifiable faith used them on their counterparts. The emergence of the road indirectly made it possible to violence to flourish in the Kohistani community. This is just another example of how culture is integrated, showing how this one road strengthened the violence of a people and harmed their environment. The change in cultural values was a crucial factor in establishing organized violence in the community. With a bus service ready to take people to the outside world, Thull’s religious leaders went out and learned from scholars and teachers about the center of Islamic teachings. These leaders then brought back these new concepts regarding honor and opinions toward women. These new concepts caused a wave of death enmity that they felt was justified by the new ideas regarding Islamic faith. This has continued through the years and revenge has become fundamental to a Muslim man’s identity and self-respect as well. They now see it as personal integrity is vital to Islamic faith and that taking vengeance is a stern religious requirement. This together creates an environment that basically supports the act of vengeance. The road let people get a taste of what the outside world was like. The isolated Kohistani culture became tampered with by new discoveries. Again, we can see  how culture is integrated here by the way the road indirectly revised the Kohistani religious values, and caused their violent ways to grow. The inhabitants in the Kohistani community had their lives changed due to political modernization. The transition from their subsistence strategy to an economic system focused on a cash-crop and timber really changed their identity and brought prosperity. This prosperity enabled people to purchase weapons that could do serious harm to others, making conflict a fatal concept in the community. Their religion was changed as well; having it injected with ideas that taking revenge is crucial to a man’s self-respect and basically demanding them to act out violently. All of these factors together encouraged a hostile environment that insisted on organized vengeance. With one road that connected Thull to outside world, Kohistani culture was changed drasti cally. The Kohistani were a great example to show how culture is integrated, because just one road affected so many facets of their everyday life.

Theories of criminal behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theories of criminal behaviour - Essay Example necessarily define and confine the manner through which an individual will be able to integrate with the society, many of these inadequacies and inabilities are ultimately cultural and origin as well. Although this duality creates an interesting dynamic through which Merton can be understood, the fact of the matter is that neither the structural multicultural approach to Merton’s arguments takes away from the overall merit and understanding that they help to represent. Merton himself defines his theory as both structural an individual; choosing to leave out the cultural aspect – probably due to the fact that it creates an unnecessary level of confusion for the reader. However, with regards to the individual aspect of this particular approach, Merton references the fact that key frictions, pains, hardships, and realities of an individual’s needs matrix are ultimately able to impact upon the goals and significance of these goals that the individual places (Wada et al., 2012). Interestingly, the closest aspect of this cultural interpretation that merchant expresses within the individual aspect has to do with the fact that if the goals of society are able to become significant enough to an individual, the overall likelihood of these being enacted and effected in the person’s life increased precipitously. By means of extension, an individualist approach, that is thus far been described, is not in fact individualist at all; rather, it encompasses aspects of the culture and society as a means of understanding the way in which reality, and an understanding of this reality, impacts upon the individual. It is without question that the delinquent subcultures exist within the world. Moreover, more often than not, these illiquid subcultures are often primary elements of what can encourage certain use to behave in a criminal manner. Ultimately, there are many main characteristics of the delinquent subculture; however, all of them are predicated upon the belief that

Operations Management for Competitive Advantage Essay

Operations Management for Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Amongst the numerous concepts and tools that can come under application for the problem related to the facility location and layout, centroid method came under consideration as the best applicable tool for the company Eldora (EDC) who were leading manufacturers of bicycle in the U.S. The highlighting issue of EDC illustrates the information that the manufacturing plant units did not come under relocation to other locations such as in Asian countries as this market was becoming the leader in the manufacturing industry especially due to its cheap labor. Because of a domestic strategy allied to the production of the bicycles, all the business processes of EDC remained to one location only. As an outcome of this decision, they came across several issues associated to the facility location; centroid methodology was the finest solution if adopted by EDC would resolve the concerned issue. This tool proves to be fruitful for the organization as it has numerous benefits that can aid the compa ny. The expected results of this method will lead them to reduced costs in their production due to cheap labor, having the prospect to penetrate into new market segmentation, competitive advantage over others as being present into a global marketplace. In addition, the manufacturing enterprise will also have the advantage from the environmental regulations in the local plant and will also develop and persuade the relationships with the local residents of that area, and will help in removing the cultural barriers between them and there are many more benefits that the organization can have from it. Background Information The organization that is under discussion in the thesis paper is Eldora Company (EDC), which is considerably one of the dominant, well-known and most popular businesses that manufacture and supply bicycles in the United States of America (Chase, 2006). Eldora experienced a boom in its sales and recognition in the marketplace since the last decade, as their lower price of the bicycles for a very long time gave them an edge over their competitors. With the increasing reputation, EDC became the market leader as it contributed to more than twenty-five percent of the bicycle sales of the United States. Eldora Company’s business units were located at the same site and all the operational units and the corporate office shared one roof. EDC was a huge organization with numerous employees and workers; and they have come under division according to their capabilities, areas of expertise and skills (Chase, 2006). Through the joint venture with a company based in Europe, Eldora expanded its business into the European market as well. Eldora was an organization that encouraged and promoted the viewpoints, innovative ideas, and recommendations of their employees related to the mechanism of the bicycle that provides with additional features. The loyalty and dedication of the employees towards the company can come under limelight as information and awaren ess of most modern and recent fashion and approach was the key motive of the members of the staff (Chase, 2006). The principal motivation and influencing factor for the bicycle manufacturers’ repositioning of facility location to the Asian world was that this market was experiencing a boom of bicycle producers at a phenomenal and an unprecedented rate, which allowed them to have cheaper labor in comparison coupled with low distribution costs (Chase, 2006). Problem Description One of the primary and high-priority

About Jazz Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Jazz Music - Research Paper Example In fact, Jazz is all set to win the hearts and minds of the music lovers located anywhere and everywhere in the world and is no more the exclusive legacy of American masses. It is really tough to trace a chronologically systematic history of Jazz music. However, it will be quiet realistic to say that Jazz evolved from a budding musical diversion to a blooming tradition at some time around the beginning of the 20th century. The dilemma of the historians and archives of Jazz music is that today there exist very few recordings of Jazz from its formative years. Even the recordings that exist fail to extend a true sound of the Jazz music of those days because of the limitations of the recording technology of that time (Ratliff 56). Considering the fact that extempore performances, which are not merely encouraged in Jazz, but in fact constitute a vital and indispensable part of this genre, were not accurately captured by the then existing recording facilities. Jazz in its early days authentically had a black heart that eventually won the interest and dedication of connoisseurs hailing from all cultures and colors. Actually, Jazz was the first native American musical form that had an impact that was not merely panned American but Global in its scope (Roots of American Music 82). The port city of New Orleans is considered to be the home of Jazz music. It is easier for the Jazz fans to understand that the development of such musical tradition undeniably needed a cosmopolitan breeding ground. Jazz was the result of the mingling of the Western classical music with the African spirituals and blues to which was added a generous smattering of the Caribbean and Latin culture. Thus it amply reveals a sophistication of the classical influences thickly loaded with the spice, verve, and energy that is conclusively African and Latin in its origins. It has the finesse of an orchestra combined to the earthiness of a brass band, which gives it its typical flavor. Such an enticing art form surely could not be kept confined to New Orleans for long. Shortly Jazz began its journey towards the north and reached Chicago, where it soon captured the loyalty of the masses and became a regular feature at the local nightclubs (Roots of American Music 82). Yet, it is the New York City that rendered Jazz with an immense mass appeal and commercial possibilities, courtesy of its booming music publishing business (Roots of American Music 82). Presently Jazz started becoming more organized and the splinter Jazz groups started sticking together to give way to big Jazz bands led by celebrated performers like Count Basic and Jellyroll Morton. This was the time when Jazz finally achieved the fame and success that was long its due. Surely the American dream is not merely confined to people and groups but has cultural and artistic ramifications. Jazz has finally arrived by the late 40s. One fact that deserves prompt attention is that Jazz was not merely urban in it s scope.  Ã‚  

Hybrid Cultures and the Hermetically Sealed Cultures Essay

Hybrid Cultures and the Hermetically Sealed Cultures - Essay Example Huntington views the Arab world as being primarily 'sealed' because it avoids the advances and the cultural hybrid elements of democratic countries. According to his view, there is a certain core collective of nations who try to derive their power by opposing western influences and define their own place in an increasingly diverse world. Barber's more capitalistic interpretation understanding of global imperialism is in direct contrast to Huntington's view. He believes America is a hybrid country that is "democratic", even though it is aggressive toward countries that exercise their own sovereignty as 'sealed' cultures. The primary foundation for Huntington's argument on the "clash of civilizations" after the Cold War is that there is not a single country to which American allied nations could rally against in a bi-polar construct. Huntington's perspective is based on American bias on the danger that Communism posed through the Soviet Union as an example of the new Arab threat: During the Cold War global politics became bipolar and the world divided into three parts. A group of mostly wealthy and democratic societies, led by the United States, was engaged in a pervasive ideological, political, economic, and, at times, military competition (Huntington, ,p.21). The criterion for this belief is based on the American view that the conflict with the Soviet automatically created a situation in which they became the two dominant forces and the rest of the countries allied themselves on either side based on whether they followed a capitalist or communist ideology. However, America's identity as a democratic society with immense wealth that had to subdue poorer communist societies is often generalized through Huntington's "triumphalist" view of American domination. In fact, the harshly undemocratic nature of American hegemony in Latin America and other nation states presents a stark contrast to the idealized discourse of freedom and liberty that Huntington defines in the conflict between American and the Soviet Union. This fact is over-generalized in Huntington's view and supports a deliberately biased superiority of western civilization over the rest of the world before 1991. The first basis of Huntington's theory on Muslim culture as to the historicity of violence that was founded in its early beginnings does not hold ground considering that Judaism and Christianity also propounded the use of "the sword" to fight with one another and also against other religions. Surely, the comment made by George Bush about a "Crusade" against Muslim terrorism reveals the age-old Christian tradition of using military force in the name of Christ (Ford para.2). Although Huntington likes to compare Christ's seeming passivity to his enemies in the Christian faith, the United States (as a Christian nation) has certainly gone against the dictates of Christ's message by attacking Iraq without any evidence of WMDS. Similarly, the hollowness of the hybrid foundation for western

Liquidation Damages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liquidation Damages - Essay Example This paper will look at how liquidation damages for Lake River Corp. v. Carborundum Co. were calculated and provide a critical view of the calculation used. Carborundum is a company that manufactures Ferro Carbo. It had entered into a contract with Lake River Company.   In the contract, Lake River Company would receive Ferro Carbo in bulk from Carborundum’s, put it in bags and ship it to Carborundum’s customers. Carborundum insisted that Lake River install a new bagging system to take care of the contract in an efficient manner, which costs $89000. In order to cover the cost and make a twenty percent profit, Lake River insisted on a minimum guarantee clause that ensured that if the full least quantity was shipped the Lake River would make $533000. However, Carborundum only shipped 12,000 of the 22500 tons of the Ferro Carbo at the time when the contract expired.  Carborundum had paid for the amount billed and bagged.   The clause left Carborundum Company owing $241000. That is $533000 (ferro shipped) less what Carborundum had paid. On the other hand, Lake retained 500 tons of bagged Ferro. As such, the issue was whet her the formulae in the minimum guarantee clause inflicts a penalty for breach of contract or whether it was just a deliberate attempt to liquidate damages (Whitney,1985). In this case, the district judge gave a judgment where Carborundum ended up with approximately $42,000. This amount was reached by making use of the following formulae; $269000 +$31000 -$241000-$17000. The last figure represented the prejudgment interest on the Lake river damages (Whitney, 1985). Here the damage formulae were designed in such a way that it will assure the Lake River Company receives more than the actual damages it incurs. This makes it a penalty. It was noted that, since Lake River did not do much work, they were not

Knowledge required for decision making in Adult Nursing Essay

Knowledge required for decision making in Adult Nursing - Essay Example Gill is a 50-year-old insulin dependant Diabetic. She was admitted to the ward via Acute Medical Assessment Unit (AMAU). Gill was found on the floor after a fall, feeling drowsy, vague and confused and complaining ÃŽ ¿f abdo pain. After nursing hand-over, a multi-disciplinary team embarked on a strategy to assess, monitor and resolve Gills issues. Multi-disciplinary working is encouraged within the NHS Plan (2000) and is concerned with professional healthcare providers working together for the well-being ÃŽ ¿f the patient. (Castledine 1996) Gill was then admitted to the ward where a full nursing assessment took place and from here a plan ÃŽ ¿f care was prescribed and implemented. Further information was obtained from previous medical records. This revealed in 1998 Gill had a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) and recovered well. She was also diagnosed with alcohol liver disease (ALD) in April 2000 and diabetes 15 years ago. Gills observations on admission where taken so to provide a basis for any later comparisons. Her blood sugar glucose reading was 32.4 millimols per litre. The normal reading should be between 4-7 mmol/l before meals rising to no higher than 10 mmol/l two hours after meals (http://www.diabetes.org.uk/) A ward test urine was taken which showed glucose and protein were present. 1.Maintaining a safe environment - Gill had a nurse call bell and a patient identification wrist band. She was shown around the ward but increasing confusion and previous falls made it a priority to monitor Gill closely. 11. Eating and drinking - Gill explained that she drinks a lot ÃŽ ¿f tea and cola throughout they day but is often left still trying to quench her thirst, her favourite foods are chocolate and sweets. She tries to eat regular meals but often has little appetite. After the identification ÃŽ ¿f issues a plan ÃŽ ¿f care was documented. This is a