Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their partners plan Es claimA cam tout ensembley, to a fault know as a address associate,1 is a specialized face of roller or needle c atomic number 18 designed to follow cams. Cam attendants come in a coarse array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam henchman mounts to its mating part stud style cam coadjutors drug abuse a stud while the yoke style has a hole done with(predicate) the middle.2The first cam accessory was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company.3 It re lay outd victimization just a standard baby carriage and bolt. The new cam assistants were easier to use be seduce the stud was already included and they could also handle higher loads./CAM AND MECHANISMSA cam mechanism consists of threesome elements the cam, the companion (or follower system), and the frame. The follower is in subscribe run crosswise with the cam. The cam m ay be of various wreaks. The follower system includes all of the elements to which front is imparted by the cam. This may be connected instantly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. The frame of the gondola supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower.A CAM changes the stimulus performance, which is usually roach motion (a rotating motion), to a reciprocating motion of the follower. They ar shew in many machines and toysWHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM?A CAM is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to some other element known as follower. The cam and follower has a post or line contact constitute a higher pair or you rear say that it is the mechanicl destiny of a machine that is utilise to transmit the motion to the another component of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed program by direct contact.The contact amidst them is maintained by an external drive which is generally provided by the spring or sometimes by the lading of the follower itself ,when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the driven member. The follower is in direct contact with the cam.CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMSCAMIt may be of many shapesFOLLOWER It includes all the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam.This may be connected directly by the cam.This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing.FRAME The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower.APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERSCam and follower are widely used for operating ingress and exhaust valve of I C engine.These are used in skirt clock.These are used in feed mechanism of automatic rifle lathe Machine.These are used in paper cutting machine.Used in weave textile machineries.The cam mechanism is a versatile one. It mass be designed to produce almost unlimited fibers of motioning the follower.It is used to transform a rotary motion into a translating or oscillating motion.On certain occasions, it is also used to transform one translating or oscillating motion into a different translating or oscillating motion.Cams are used in a wide variety of automatic machines and instruments.The certain usuages of cam and pursuit that includes textile machineries, computers, effect presses, food processing machines, internal combustion engines, and countless other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The cam mechanism is indeed a very important component in modern mechanization.CLASSIFICATION OF CAMSBased on the physical shapeDisk or plate cams operative of the discus cam with reciprocating follower.Working of the disc cam with oscillating follower.Cylindrical camTranslating camCLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWES(i) Based on surface in contact(a) tongue edge follower(b) Roller follower(c) now faced follower(d) Spherical follower(ii) Based on type of motionOscillating followeTrans lating follower(iii) Based on line of marchRadial (in line) follower(b) Off-set followerCams mickle be conveniently class into two main groupsGroup aCams that impart motion to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of gyration of the cam (as does a cylindrical cam).Group bCams that impart motion to the follower in a plane at 90 degrees to the axis of rotation, as with face or edge cams.Most cams ruin into this category.TYPES OF CAMSEccentric camA bankers bill cam is oft called an eccentric cam becausethe axis of rotation of the cam is offset from the geometric relate of the circular disc.Concentric discA concentric disc affiliated to a rotating shaft wouldhave its axis of rotation coinciding with its geometric focalise.PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMSPEAR-SHAPED CAMSThese type cams are oft used for controlling valves. For example, they are used on motor car camshafts to get the engine valves. Afollower controlled by a pear-shaped cam the Great Compromiser motionless fo r about half a revolution of the cam. During the time that the follower isstationary, the cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the cam, the follower tests and then assumes. As the pearshaped cam is symmetrical, the rise motion is the same as the fall motion.Edge camsIt must be appreciated that this type of cam, where the follower is in contact with the edge of the cam disc, is whole capable of imparting positive motion to its follower in one direction, that is, during the rise parcel of land of the cam movement. During the fall portion of the cam movement the follower must be maintained in contact with the cam either by the mass of the follower and itsmechanism or, more usually, by a spring. Both methods have their advantages.Box camsA groove can be milled in the face of cam discs. As the cam rotates, a follower located in the groove has its motion guided by the groove. This type of cam is called a box cam.Cylindrical camsCylindrical cams are used when motion has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam. The cylindrical or barrel cam consists of a rotating cylinder with a helical (screw shaped) groove in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapered roller end is located in the groove. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a like a shot line parallel to the axis of the rotation barrel cam.This type of cam is much used to guide thread on sewing machines, looms and fabric make machines.CIRCULAR CAMSThese cams are sometimes called eccentric cams. The cam profile is a pile. The center of rotation of the cam is often from the geometric center of the circularize. The circular cam produces a limpid form of motion called a simple harmonic motion. These cams are often used to produce motion in pumps. Circular cams are often used to officiate steam engine valves. As the cam is symmetrical, the rise and fall motions are the same.HEART SHAPED CAMSThis cam causes the follower to move with a reproducible uppe r. Heart-shaped cams are essential when the follower motion needs to be uniform or steady as, for example, in the mechanism that winds thread every bit on the bobbin of a sewing machine. A heart-shaped cam can be used for winding wire evenly on the designer of a solenoid.UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMSA cam shaped as shown controls the motion of the follower so that it moves with uniform acceleration and retardation. The follower gains and looses velocity at a constant rate. Uniform acceleration and retardation cams are used to controls the motion of linkages in complex machinery.Types of Cam FollowersThere are three types of cam followers, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the cam it is worthwhile con stancering the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the forefront, the roller follower and the suavefoot or mushroom follower.The Knife Edge FollowerThis is the simplest type, is not often used due to the fast rate of wea r. When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, running in slides and there is considerable side thrust, this being a component of the thrust from the cam.The Roller FollowerThis eliminates the bother of rapid wear since the sliding effect is largely replaced by a roller action. Some sliding will still take place due to the varying peripheral speed of the cam profile, due to the changing roentgen of the forefront of contact. Note also that the stellate position of the contact between the cam and the roller, relative to the follower center, will change according to whether arise or fall motion is taken place this fact has to be considered when constructing the cam profile. Again,with the roller follower, considerable side thrusts are present, a disadvantage when transaction with reciprocating motions. This side thrust will be increased when using lessened rollers.The Flat Foot or Mushroom FollowerThis has the advantage that the only side thrust present is that due to the friction between the follower and the cam. The problem of wear is not so great as with the vanguard follower, since the point of contact between the cam and follower will move across the face of the follower according to the change of shape of the cam. A john to lessen further the effect of wear is to design thefollower to be capable of axial rotation and arrange the axis of the follower to catch ones breath to one side of the cam. Thus the contact with the cam will tend to cause rotation of the follower. The cam profile, to work with a flatfoot follower, must be bulbous at all parts, in order to prevent the corners of the follower jab into the cam profile. The minimum cam radius should be as small as mathematical to minimize sliding velocity and friction.All three types of cam followers can be mountedin the following ways1) In-line with the cam center line,2) first gear from the cam center line, or3) Mounted on a swinging radial arm.CAM-VALVECAM TERMINOLOGYTrace poin tA theoretical point on the follower,corresponding to the point of a fictitious knife-edge follower.It is used to contribute the stumble curve.In the case of a roller follower, the tracepoint is at the center of the roller.2.Pitch curveThe path generated by the trace point at the follower isrotated about a stationary cam.3. Working curveThe working surface of a cam in contact with the follower. Forthe knife-edge follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve and the working curvescoincide. In a close or grooved cam there is an inner profile and an outermostworking curve.4. Pitch circleA circle from the cam center through the pitch point. Thepitch circle radius is used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a givenpressure weight down.5. Prime circle (reference circle)The smallest circle from the cam centerthrough the pitch curve.6. Base circleThe smallest circle from the cam center through the cam profilecurve.7. Stroke or throwThe greatest distance or angle through which the follow ermoves or rotates.8. Follower displacementThe position of the follower from a specific zeroor rest position (usually its the position when the follower contacts with thebase circle of the cam) in relation to time or the rotary angle of the cam.9. Pressure angleThe angle at any point between the normal to the pitchcurve and the instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle isimportant in cam design because it represents the steepness of the camprofile.Some question arises regarding cam and followersWhen is a flat faced follower preferred as compared to roller followers andwhy?Flat faced followers are preferred to roller followers where space is limitedfor eg cams with flat followers are used to operate valves of an automobile engine but in case of stationary and crude oil engines, roller followers are preferred because more space is available.What data is plotted on displacement diagram of cam and follower motion?autonomic nervous systemPlot of linear displacement i.e . lift or stroke (s) of follower (on Y axisdirection) versus angular displacement () of the cam for one rotation (on Xaxis direction)